Capitalism
Has a Problem. Is Free Money the Answer?
By
PETER S. GOODMAN NOV. 15, 2017 LONDON —
One
need not be a card-carrying revolutionary to deduce that global capitalism has
a problem. In much of the world, angry workers denounce a shortage of jobs
paying enough to support middleclass life. Economists puzzle over the fix for
persistently weak wage growth, just as robots appear poised to replace millions
of human workers.
At
the annual gathering of the global elite in the Swiss resort of Davos,
billionaire finance chieftains debate how to make capitalism kinder to the
masses to defuse populism. Enter the universal basic income. The idea is
gaining traction in many countries as a proposal to soften the edges of
capitalism.
Though
the details and philosophies vary from place to place, the general notion is
that the government hands out regular checks to everyone, regardless of income
or whether people are working. The money ensures food and shelter for all,
while removing the stigma of public support.
Some
posit basic income as a way to let market forces work their ruthless magic,
delivering innovation and economic growth, while laying down a cushion for
those who fail. Others present it as a means of liberating people from
wretched, poverty-level jobs, allowing workers to organize for better
conditions or devote time to artistic exploits. Another school sees it as the
required response to an era in which work can no longer be relied upon to
finance basic needs.
“We
see the increasing precariousness of employment,” said Karl Widerquist, a
philosopher at Georgetown University in Qatar, and a prominent advocate for a
universal social safety net. “Basic income gives the worker the power to say,
‘Well, if Walmart’s not going to pay me enough, then I’m just not going to work
there.’ ” The universal basic income is clearly an idea with momentum.
Early
this year, Finland kicked off a two-year national experiment in basic income.
In the United States, a trial was recently completed in Oakland, Calif., and
another is about to launch in nearby Stockton, a community hard-hit by the
Great Recession and the attendant epidemic in home foreclosures. The Canadian
province of Ontario is enrolling participants for a basic income trial. Several
cities in the Netherlands are exploring what happens when they hand out cash
grants unconditionally to people already receiving some form of public support.
A similar test is underway in Barcelona, Spain.
A
nonprofit organization, GiveDirectly, is proceeding with plans to provide
universal cash grants in rural Kenya. As a concept, basic income has been
kicked around in various guises for centuries, gaining adherents across a strikingly
broad swath of the ideological spectrum, from the English social philosopher
Thomas More to the American revolutionary Thomas Paine. The populist firebrand
Louisiana governor Huey Long, the civil rights icon Martin Luther King Jr., and
the laissez faire economist Milton Friedman would presumably agree on little,
yet all advocated some version of basic income.
In a
clear sign of its modern-day currency, the International Monetary Fund — not an
institution prone to utopian dreaming — recently explored basic income as a
potential salve for economic inequality. Not everyone loves the idea.
Conservatives fret that handing out money free of obligation will turn people
into dole-dependent slackers. In the American context, any talk of a truly
universal form of basic income also collides with arithmetic. Give every
American $10,000 a year — a sum still below the poverty line for an individual
— and the tab runs to $3 trillion a year. That is about eight times what the
United States now spends on social service programs. Conversation over.
Labor-oriented
economists in the United States are especially wary of basic income, given that
the American social safety programs have been significantly trimmed in recent
decades, with welfare, unemployment benefits and food stamps all subject to a
variety of restrictions. If basic income were to replace these components as
one giant program — the proposal that would appeal to libertarians — it might
beckon as a fat target for additional budget trimming.
“Tens
of millions of poor people would likely end up worse off,” declared Robert
Greenstein, president of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, a
Washington-based research institution, in a recent blog post. “Were we starting
from scratch — and were our political culture more like Western Europe’s —
U.B.I. might be a real possibility. But that’s not the world we live in.” And
some advocates for working people dismiss basic income as a wrongheaded
approach to the real problem of not enough quality paychecks. “People want to
work,” said the Nobel laureate economist Joseph E. Stiglitz when I asked him
about basic income early this year. “They don’t want handouts.” Yet some of the
basic income experiments now underway are engineered precisely to encourage
people to work while limiting their contact with public assistance.
Finland’s
trial is giving jobless people the same amount of money they were already
receiving in unemployment benefits, while relieving them of bureaucratic
obligations. The bet is that people will use time now squandered submitting
paperwork to train for better careers, start businesses, or take part-time
jobs. Under the system the trial replaces, people living on benefits risk
losing support if they secure other income. In short, basic income is being
advanced not as a license for Finns to laze in the sauna, but as a means of
enhancing the forces of creative destruction so central to capitalism. As the logic goes, once sustenance is eliminated as a worry,
weak companies can be shuttered without concern for those thrown out of work,
freeing up capital and talent for more productive ventures.
The
trials in the Netherlands, conducted at the municipal level, are similarly
geared to paring bureaucracy from the unemployment system. Ditto, the Barcelona
experiment. Silicon Valley has embraced basic income as a crucial element in
enabling the continued rollout of automation. While engineers pioneer ways to
replace human laborers with robots, financiers focus on basic income as a
replacement for paychecks.
The
experiment in Stockton, Calif. — set to become the first city government to
test basic income — is underwritten in part by an advocacy group known as the
Economic Security Project, whose backers include the Facebook co-founder Chris
Hughes. The trial is set to begin next year, with an undisclosed number of
residents to receive $500 a month. The trial in Oakland was the work of Y
Combinator, a start-up incubator. Its researchers handed out varying grants to
a few dozen people as a simple feasibility test for basic income. The next
phase is far more ambitious. The Y Combinator researchers plan to distribute
grants to 3,000 people with below-average incomes in two as-yet undisclosed
American states. They will hand out $1,000 a month to 1,000 people, no strings
attached, and $50 a month to the rest, allowing for comparisons in how
recipients use the money, and what impact it has on their lives.
One
key element of the basic income push is the assumption that poor people are
better placed than bureaucrats to determine the most beneficial use of aid
money. Rather than saddle recipients with complex rules and a dizzying array of
programs, better to just give people money and let them sort out how to use it.
This is a central idea of GiveDirectly’s program in Kenya, where it began a
pilot study last year in which it handed out small, unconditional cash grants —
about $22 a month — to residents of a single village. The program is now
expanding its sights, with plans to hand out grants to some 16,000 people in
120 villages. From a research standpoint, these remain early days for basic
income, a time for experimentation and assessment before serious amounts of
money may be devoted to a new model for public assistance.
Yet
from a political standpoint, basic income appears to have found its moment, one
delivered by the anxieties of the working poor combined with those of the
wealthy, who see in widening inequality the potential for mobs wielding
pitchforks. “The interest is exploding everywhere,” said Guy Standing, a
research associate at SOAS University of London. “The debates now are
extraordinarily fertile.”
